Representation is the connotations of sound, cinematography, mise-en-scene and editing; the way we present a hidden message that being obvious or in need of decoding.
Theorists of representation
- Levi Strauss (1958)
- Laura Mulvey (1975)
- Richard Dyer (1983)
- Tim O'Sullivan et al (1998)
- John Berger (1972)
- Paul Willis (1990)
- Julian McDougall (2009)
- Tessa Perkins (1979)
Levi Strauss - Binary Opposites
Levi's theory was Binary Opposites. The contrast between good and bad, he believed that we don't understand words by their own direct meaning. For example, our understanding of the word "hero" depends on our understanding of the word "villain". Binary Opposites helps us as an audience understand the narrative used in films and music videos (e.g Taylor Swift is presented as the protagonist and the ex boyfriend as the antagonist). By having opposites within a media texts this enables the audience to be interested and create a climax to a narrative.
Laura Mulvey - Male Gaze
Laura is a feminist whom of which looks into the "male gaze". This is how the audience view people who are presented in the media. There are 3 ways she says we look at women.
How men look at women - sexual object/item
How woman look at themselves (personally) - Strong/Independent
How women look at other women - Rude/inappropriate/"slaggy"
The male gaze focuses on:
- Emphasizing curves of the female body
- Referring to woman as object rather than people
- Display woman how men think they should be perceived
- Seeing woman from a male point of view
- How men are dominant over women
- How cinematography movements and framing is used to perceive women in certain ways
The main aspect of this theory is how Voyeurism is used.
In my music video I will be using a girl as my main talent, this is because women are seen to be more venerable rather then men. However, I know that if I use a girl in my music video, she wont mind me putting make-up on her to look scary as part of my abstract approach.
In my music video I will be using a girl as my main talent, this is because women are seen to be more venerable rather then men. However, I know that if I use a girl in my music video, she wont mind me putting make-up on her to look scary as part of my abstract approach.
John Berger -"Ways Of Seeing"
John Berger said "men act, women appear. Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at". From this we can instantly see the relation between Berger's theory and Laura Mulvey's theory.
His theory suggests how women self consciously act in a way knowing they are being watched. Constantly being surveyed, not only by men but other women too.
On an in depth look on art in his book "ways of seeing", he also suggests the way people view art and the influences that traditional oil paintings have on society and modern day publicity. By this I mean how historic paintings have adapted to modern day imagery and ideologies.
This theory applies to male gaze as well with how I will be using the cinematography and costumes for my main talent.
Paul Messaris (1997)
His theory was how women know why they act and how the lens is used in the eye of a man. E.g how cinematography is used. Linking in with Laura Mulvey and John Berger's theories.
Tessa Perkins - Stereotyping
Tessa Perkins theory on Stereotyping is very direct and I believe most people will agree with her theory of stereotyping. She said that stereotyping isn't always negative and not always false. She believed how stereotyping is very hard to change. For example, we stereotype "chavs" as young teens living in council estates with tracksuits on and a "classic" tartan cap and trainers. If we were to change this stereotype, the ideologies would have to change - that being the mise-en-scene of this stereotype. Thinking of another way to portray someone as a chav is difficult without these stereotypical elements we associate with them. We tend to stereotype with what we see in the media and look at ourselves and categorise ourselves.
This theory doesn't really apply to the abstract approach, how the stereotype can be related to the genre of my music and what you'd expect to see from the music I have chosen.
Richard Dyer
Richard Dyer looked into the ideological and historical significance of films stars. " How we are seen determines how we are treated" This means how we treat others is based on how we see them. And how we see them comes from their representation. For example, Miley Cyrus is huge in the media at the present time for her music and how she dresses coming from a country singer to a pop singer. She may of acted in certain ways for the her music to be publicised and to be in the press but it is for the wrong reasons as she has at the age of either 19 or 20 been naked in a music video and got a "joint" out and 2013 MVA or MTV awards. How we see her is how most people will end up treating her.
His theory suggests how women self consciously act in a way knowing they are being watched. Constantly being surveyed, not only by men but other women too.
On an in depth look on art in his book "ways of seeing", he also suggests the way people view art and the influences that traditional oil paintings have on society and modern day publicity. By this I mean how historic paintings have adapted to modern day imagery and ideologies.
This theory applies to male gaze as well with how I will be using the cinematography and costumes for my main talent.
Paul Messaris (1997)
His theory was how women know why they act and how the lens is used in the eye of a man. E.g how cinematography is used. Linking in with Laura Mulvey and John Berger's theories.
Tessa Perkins - Stereotyping
Tessa Perkins theory on Stereotyping is very direct and I believe most people will agree with her theory of stereotyping. She said that stereotyping isn't always negative and not always false. She believed how stereotyping is very hard to change. For example, we stereotype "chavs" as young teens living in council estates with tracksuits on and a "classic" tartan cap and trainers. If we were to change this stereotype, the ideologies would have to change - that being the mise-en-scene of this stereotype. Thinking of another way to portray someone as a chav is difficult without these stereotypical elements we associate with them. We tend to stereotype with what we see in the media and look at ourselves and categorise ourselves.
This theory doesn't really apply to the abstract approach, how the stereotype can be related to the genre of my music and what you'd expect to see from the music I have chosen.
Richard Dyer
Richard Dyer looked into the ideological and historical significance of films stars. " How we are seen determines how we are treated" This means how we treat others is based on how we see them. And how we see them comes from their representation. For example, Miley Cyrus is huge in the media at the present time for her music and how she dresses coming from a country singer to a pop singer. She may of acted in certain ways for the her music to be publicised and to be in the press but it is for the wrong reasons as she has at the age of either 19 or 20 been naked in a music video and got a "joint" out and 2013 MVA or MTV awards. How we see her is how most people will end up treating her.
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